The Standard Model that explains most of observable physics predicted one final particle that we haven't been able to see: the Higgs Boson, the particle that gives other particles mass. Finding it solidifies the theory. We have a giant mathematical formula that basically explains how the universe came into existence, though it makes no claims about what happens before the Big Bang or why the bang happened.
http://www.ted.com/talks/brian_cox_o...rcollider.html
Also, I have only a very vague sense of what it does, so I may be explaining it terribly.





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